Benedict XVI Begins Final Day as Pope

Pope Benedict XVI, the first pontiff to resign in 600 years, will step down today to lead a secluded life of prayer, far from the grueling demands of the papacy and the scandals that have recently plagued the church.

Benedict, 85, will spend a quiet final day as pope bidding farewell to his colleagues that have gathered in Vatican City to see him depart. His first order of business this morning is a meeting with the College of Cardinals in the Clementine Hall, a room in the Apostolic Palace, where Angelo Sodano, the dean of the College of Cardinals, is set to speak, but not Benedict.

Pope Benedict XVI Delivers Farewell Address

Despite the historical nature of Benedict's resignation, not all cardinals are expected to attend the event. With their first working meeting not until Monday, only around 100 cardinals are set to be in Vatican City Thursday, the Vatican press office said. Those who are there for Benedict's departure will be greeted by seniority.

In the evening, at 5:00 p.m. local time, Benedict will leave the Vatican palace for the last time to head to Castel Gandolfo, the papal summer residence outside of Rome. Before his departure the German-born theologian will say some goodbyes in the Courtyard of San Damaso, inside the Vatican, first to his Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone and then to the Swiss Guards who have protected him as pontiff.

9 Men Who Could Replace Pope Benedict XVI

Pope's Successor Needs to be 'Attuned to Modern Communication' Watch Video

From there it is a short drive to a heliport for the 15-minute flight via helicopter to Castel Gandolfo, just south of the city. Benedict will not be alone on his journey, accompanied by members of the Pontifical Household such as two private secretaries, the head of protocol, his personal physician and his butler.

Once Benedict lands in the gardens at Castel Gandolfo, a group of dignitaries, such as the governor of the Vatican City state Giovanni Bertello, two bishops, the director of the pontifical villas, and the mayor and parish priest. Off the helicopter and into a car, Benedict will head to the palace that he will call home for the coming months. From a window of the palace, Benedict will make one final wave to the crowd at the papal retreat.

It is there, at 8:00 p.m., that Benedict's resignation will take effect once and for all. Once the gates to the residence close, the Swiss Guards will leave Benedict's side for the last time, their time protecting the pontiff completed.

Pope Benedict's Last Sunday Prayer Service

For some American Catholics in Rome for the historic occasion, Benedict's departure is bittersweet. Christopher Kerzich, a Chicago resident studying at the Pontifical North American College of Rome, said Wednesday he is sad to see Benedict leave, but excited to see what comes next.

"Many Catholics have come to love this pontiff, this very humble man," Kerzich said. "He is a man who's really fought this and prayed this through and has peace in his heart. I take comfort in that and I think a lot of Catholics should take comfort in that."

In his final address to the faithful as leader of the Roman Catholic Church, Benedict on Wednesday said his decision to resign was "the fruit of a serene trust in God's will and a deep love of Christ's Church." Before a crowd of hundreds of thousands of people in St. Peter's Square, Benedict said he was "deeply grateful for the understanding, support, and prayers of so many of you, not only here in Rome, but also throughout the world."

The date of the conclave to determine Benedict's successor has yet to be determined. In one of his last moves as pope, Benedict issued a decree permitting the cardinals to convene the conclave before the March 15 date that would have been required under the old rules.

Benedict is eventually planning to move to a monastery inside Vatican City once work there is finished, but until then he will call home the palace at Castel Gandolfo. He will be known as "pope emeritus" and don brown shoes given to him on his trip to Mexico, rather than the red ones he wore as pontiff.

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We need a piece of Mars to continue search for life

THERE'S no need to cry over spilt chemicals. Thanks to an accident inside one of its instruments, NASA's Curiosity rover has detected the presence of a substance called perchlorate in Martian soil (see "Curiosity's spills add thrills to the Mars life hunt").

Not exactly earth-shattering, you might think. But it adds a new twist to the most controversial chapter in Martian history: did the Viking landers detect life?

This is a question that has divided the Viking missions' researchers for almost three decades. One group has resolutely stuck to its guns that the landers detected signs of life. Equally adamant is a second group who say they absolutely did not – a view that has always been the official version of events.

The unexpected discovery of perchlorate supplies a legitimate reason to reopen the debate. Perchlorate is an oxidising agent that destroys organic molecules. Its presence could finally explain the disputed results.

The episode highlights another important issue. Curiosity is a sophisticated machine, but there is only so much soil chemistry we can do from millions of kilometres away. A sample return mission must be a priority.

This article appeared in print under the headline "We need a piece of Mars"

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More job opportunities for Singaporeans in aerospace industry

SINGAPORE: Singapore's aerospace industry produced a total output of S$8.7 billion last year - more than double the output a decade ago.

The industry accounts for nearly 20,000 jobs and a majority of them are skilled workers in areas like aerospace manufacturing, repair and overhaul, testing, as well as training, research and development.

It will also require over 6,300 new direct employees by 2015.

Speaking at the opening of the AeroSpace eXchange 2013 on Wednesday, Senior Minister of State for Trade and Industry Lee Yi Shyan said the growth of the industry will create many job opportunities for Singaporeans.

Meanwhile, the Association of Aerospace Industries (Singapore) has signed three Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) with industry associations to develop training programmes.

These organisations include BSI Group Singapore and VTOC "fokker" BV and educational institution German Institute of Science and Technology - TUM Asia.

Mr Lee noted that the National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University and Singapore Institute of Technology, as well as local polytechnics offer specialised courses in aerospace and will supply a pipeline of engineers and associate engineers for the industry.

For instance, a new 10.6 hectares ITE Campus - set to open by the end of this year - will house a Boeing 737 aircraft to offer aerospace students practical and hands-on training on aircraft maintenance.

Mr Lee said the industry has always been "amongst the most productive industrial sectors" and that the government will help industries switch to higher productivity.

"Looking ahead, productivity and innovation must continue to be key drivers of our growth. To help firms overcome manpower challenges, the newly-introduced Budget 2013 contains a number of programmes such as the Wage Credit Scheme, PIC and PIC Bonus, enhanced PACT and Corporate Income Tax rebate, to help our companies transit to a productivity-driven business model," he said.

- CNA/de

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Huawei Ascend p2 camera test

BARCELONA, Spain--Huawei took the wraps off its latest high end, super skinny Android phone, the Ascend P2. It has a 720p 4.7-inch display, a 1.7GHz quad core processor and a 13-megapixel camera, all stuffed into an 8.6mm body. I was given an early hands on with the P2's camera to see how it stacks up against the Nexus 4.

Huawei Ascend P2 (Click image to enlarge)

(Credit:
Andrew Hoyle/ CNET)

Nexus 4 (click image to enlarge)

(Credit:
Andrew Hoyle/ CNET)

Shooting outside the Mobile World Congress centre, the P2 was off to an unimpressive start. It didn't have quite the level of control over its exposure that I'd like, resulting in blown-out highlights in the sky. The Nexus wasn't brilliant by any means but it saved some of the blue in the sky at least.

Huawei Ascend P2 (Click image to enlarge)

(Credit:
Andrew Hoyle/ CNET)

Nexus 4 (Click image to enlarge)

(Credit:
Andrew Hoyle/ CNET)

Both cameras feature a high dynamic range (HDR) function that combines multiple photos at different exposures to create an even tone overall. That's the idea anyway,not that youd know it from the P2. There only noticeable difference was that the darker areas were marginally lighter. The skies remained completely washed out. The Nexus meanwhile managed to capture a much better overall exposure, with rich skies and satisfying colours.

Huawei Ascend P2

(Credit:
Andrew Hoyle/ CNET)

Nexus 4 (Click image to enlarge)

(Credit:
Andrew Hoyle/ CNET)

Getting up close with this plant, the P2 put in a better effort with exposure. Colours were fairly rich and the bright spots on the table were kept under control, whereas they were overexposed on the
Nexus 4's attempt.

Huawei Ascend P2 (Click image to enlarge)

(Credit:
Andrew Hoyle/ CNET)

Nexus 4 (Click image to enlarge)

(Credit:
Andrew Hoyle/ CNET)

Indoors, the Nexus managed to capture a much warmer, more natural colour tone than the P2. However, the P2's shot was much sharper and suffered less from image noise. Both cameras had their white balance set to automatic, so it would be possible to counter the P2's cold colour tone with some settings tweaking.

Huawei Ascend P2 (Click image to enlarge)

(Credit:
Andrew Hoyle/ CNET)

Nexus 4 (Click image to enlarge)

(Credit:
Andrew Hoyle/ CNET)

Moving in for some macro shots, the P2 again put in the more impressive effort. It was able to gain a much sharper focus at the same close distance, resulting in much better clarity on the detail of the zip. It still suffered from cold colours but white balance settings should be able to take care of the worst of that.

In general, the P2 put in a fairly decent effort. It didn't seem to have the same control over bright exposures in outdoor scenes and its HDR mode seems basically useless, but its 13-megapixel sensor does a good job of bringing clarity to shots.

My tests were only a brief look at the cameras during MWC, so I'll have to leave the final verdict on the P2's snapper for the full review.

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A History of Balloon Crashes

A hot-air balloon exploded in Egypt yesterday as it carried 19 people over ancient ruins near Luxor. The cause is believed to be a torn gas hose. In Egypt as in many other countries, balloon rides are a popular way to sightsee. (Read about unmanned flight in National Geographic magazine.)

The sport of hot-air ballooning dates to 1783, when a French balloon took to the skies with a sheep, a rooster, and a duck. Apparently, they landed safely. But throughout the history of the sport, there have been tragedies like the one in Egypt. (See pictures of personal-flight technology.)

1785: Pioneering balloonist Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and pilot Pierre Romain died when their balloon caught fire, possibly from a stray spark, and crashed during an attempt to cross the English Channel. They were the first to die in a balloon crash.

1923: Five balloonists participating in the Gordon Bennett Cup, a multi-day race that dates to 1906, were killed when lightning struck their balloons.

1924: Meteorologist C. LeRoy Meisinger and U.S. Army balloonist James T. Neely died after a lightning strike. They had set off from Scott Field in Illinois during a storm to study air pressure. Popular Mechanics dubbed them "martyrs of science."

1995: Tragedy strikes the Gordon Bennett Cup again. Belarusian forces shot down one of three balloons that drifted into their airspace from Poland. The two Americans on board died. The other balloonists were detained and fined for entering Belarus without a visa. (Read about modern explorers who take to the skies.)

1989: Two hot air balloons collided during a sightseeing trip near Alice Springs, Australia. One balloon crashed to the ground killing all 13 people on board. The pilot of the other balloon was sentenced to a two-year prison term for "committing a dangerous act." Until today, this was considered the most deadly balloon accident.

2012: A balloon hit a power line and caught fire in New Zealand, killing all 11 on board. Investigators later determined that the pilot was not licensed to fly and had not taken  proper safety measures during the crash, like triggering the balloon's parachute and deflation system.

2012: A sightseeing balloon carrying 32 people crashed and caught fire during a thunderstorm in the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia. Six died; many other passengers were injured.

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What's Next for Pope Benedict XVI?

The party for the world's most prominent soon-to-be retiree began today when Pope Benedict XVI hosted his final audience as pontiff in St. Peter's Square.

More than 50,000 tickets were requested for the event, according to the Vatican, while the city of Rome planned for 250,000 people to flood the streets.

FULL COVERAGE: Pope Benedict XVI Resignation

With his belongings packed up, Pope Benedict XVI will spend the night, his final one as pope, in the Apostolic Palace.

The pontiff, 85, who is an avid writer, will be able to take his personal notes with him. However, all official documents relating to his papacy will be sent to the Vatican archives.

On Thursday, Pope Benedict XVI will take his last meeting as pontiff with various dignitaries and the cardinals, said the Rev. Federico Lombardi, director of the Vatican Press Office.

INTERACTIVE: Key Dates in the Life of Pope Benedict XVI

While not all of the cardinals are in Rome, it is possible that among the princes of the church saying farewell to the pope could be the man who will succeed him.

"I think the overall tone is going to be gratitude. From the cardinals' perspective, it'll be like the retirement party for your favorite professor," said Christopher Bellitto, a professor at Kean University in New Jersey who has written nine books on the history of the church.

AP Photo/Andrew Medichini

Papal Appearance: Faithful Flock to Saint Peter's Square Watch Video

RELATED: Cardinal Resigns Amid Sexual Misconduct Allegations

Pope Benedict XVI will depart the Vatican walls in the afternoon, taking a 15-minute helicopter ride to Castel Gandolfo, the papal retreat just outside of Rome, where he will live while his new Vatican quarters undergo a renovation.

Around sunset, the pontiff is expected to greet the public from his window in the palace, which overlooks the small town square, for the last time as pope.

At 8 p.m. local time, the papal throne will be vacated. The man known as Pope Benedict XVI for the past eight years will take on a new title: Pope Emeritus.

What Lies Ahead for the Pope Emeritus

The announcement that Benedict XVI would be the first pope to resign in 600 years shocked the world and left the Vatican with the task of creating new rules for an event that was unprecedented in the modern church.

"Even for the historical life of the church, some of this is brand new territory," said Matthew Bunson, general editor of the "Catholic Almanac" and author of "We Have a Pope! Benedict XVI."

"The Vatican took a great deal of care in sorting through this," he said. "This is establishing a precedent."

Along with Benedict's new title, he will still be allowed to wear white, a color traditionally reserved for the pope.

He'll still be called Your Holiness. However, the Swiss Guards, who are tasked with protecting the pope, will symbolically leave his side at 8 p.m. Thursday.

His Ring of the Fisherman, kissed by thousands of the faithful over the years, will be crushed, according to tradition.

Not much is known about the pope's health.

In his resignation statement, the pontiff said his physical strength has deteriorated in the past few months because of "an advanced age."

He also mentioned the "strength of mind and body" necessary to lead the more-than-1-billion Catholics worldwide.

If he is able to, Bellitto believes the pope will keep writing, perhaps on the Holy Trinity, a topic of great interest to him.

RELATED: Papal Conclave 2013 Not Politics as Usual

As the pope emeritus settles into the final chapter of his life, experts have said it is likely he will stay out of the public realm.

"[Pope Benedict XVI] has moved very deliberately in this process," Bunson said, "with an eye toward making the transition as smooth, as regal, as careful as possible for the election of his successor."

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The man who's crashing the techno-hype party

Jim Giles, consultant

Get your big data groove on at an "I ♥ Facebook" party - or don't (Image: Stefano Dal P/Contrasto/Eyevine)

Evgeny Morosov does a good job of dispelling "big data" hype in To Save Everything, Click Here, but fails to explore the way we shape the tech we use

IF SILICON VALLEY is a party, Evgeny Morozov is the guy who turns up late and spoils the fun. The valley loves ambitious entrepreneurs with world-changing ideas. Morozov is, in his own words, an "Eastern European curmudgeon". He's wary of quick fixes and irritated by hype. He's the guy who saunters over to the technophiles gathered around the punch bowl and tells them, perhaps in too much detail, how misguided they are.

Morozov should be invited all the same, because he brings a caustic yet thoughtful scepticism that is usually missing from debates about technology. Remember the claims that Facebook and Twitter, having helped power the Arab Spring, would lead to a more open and democratic world? If you heard a dissenting voice, it was probably Morozov's: in his 2011 book The Net Delusion, and also in New Scientist, he pointed out that dictators can use social media to spread propaganda and identify activists. The web is a medium for both liberation and oppression.

Now Morozov is crashing another party. This one is in full swing, filled with feverish talk of algorithms and the cloud and big data. Here's Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, describing how his site tracks our personal interests so that it can serve up the news we most care about. And that's computer pioneer Gordon Bell holding forth on "life-logging". For about a decade he has worn a digital camera that takes frequent shots of his surroundings, which helps supplement his memory.

Enter the curmudgeon. Morozov says people like Zuckerberg and Bell espouse Silicon Valley philosophies that are pervasive but shallow. Bell's desire to catalogue everything, for example, is an example of "solutionism": the relentless drive to fix and to optimise; to take problems - in this case an imperfect biological memory - and propose solutions. This rush for solutions prevents us from thinking about the causes of the problems, and whether, in fact, they are problems at all.

Morozov's right: a digital catalogue of the books we have read and scenes we have witnessed is not, as Bell claims, the basis for more truthful recollections, unless your primary concern is the colour of the socks you wore one day in 2007. There are many things that are important - the mood in a room, a person's demeanour - but too intangible to be captured by a camera, or any other form of technology. Even if they could be, it is far from certain that our future selves would benefit from being able to "recall" these things.

His other bugbear is "internet-centrism": the belief that the internet has inherent properties that should dictate the form of the solutions we pursue. Take the idea that governments should publish data on issues like crime and court cases. To an internet-centrist, this data should be as open and searchable as possible. Morozov wants to know why. Maps of crime data can drive down house prices, worsening a cycle of decline. And publicising the names of trial witnesses can lead to intimidation. The desire for openness requires real trade-offs, and it is naive to assume that a technology can tell us how to handle them. "To suppose that 'the Internet', like the Bible or the Koran, contains simple answers... is to believe that it operates according to laws as firm as those of gravity," he writes.

It is important that someone is countering techno-hype, yet this book lacks the punch of Morozov's earlier writings. It reads like he really did imagine himself crashing a Silicon Valley party and lecturing the attendees, because the book, essentially, is a series of rebuttals of prominent technologists. There is little in the way of practical alternatives. By my count, Morozov dedicates 317 pages to attacking solutionism and internet-centrism, and 33 pages to thinking about how to move beyond them. By taking aim at the technologists, Morozov averts his gaze from something more important: the way that technologies are actually used.

This is most clear in the chapter on the media, in which he worries about technology that allows news organisations to track what people read. The result, he fears, will be a whittling away of less-popular but important types of news, like reporting on poverty. Meanwhile, sites like Facebook are profiling us and using algorithms to feed us news they think we will enjoy, limiting serendipitous discoveries that open us up to new events and ways of thinking.

These are legitimate fears, but they predate the internet. Newspapers and magazines have long used focus groups to gauge reactions to content, sometimes culling and expanding sections in accordance with this feedback. The feedback on digital media may be more rapid and fine-grained, but that does not mean that editors are now slaves to it. A good editor knows that readers want to be challenged as well as entertained; to read about topics they love, and those they may come to love. This involves balancing audience feedback with an instinct for a story. It is nothing new.

This is true even at sites that embrace the algorithmic approach. At Buzzfeed.com, stories are designed to maximise the chances that they will be shared on social media (one headline as I write: "Here Is A Horse Playing A Recorder With Its Nose"). In 2011, the site hired a notable political reporter and tasked him with generating scoops - about politics, not horses. Last year, in a move headed by a different editor, the site began publishing long-form features. Will these new sections generate as many hits as cat videos? Probably not. But Buzzfeed founder Jonah Peretti, whom Morozov dismisses as the "king of memes", presumably knows that the site will be stronger with this richer content added, regardless of what the page-view figures say.

This is the way that technologies are used in real life. They are shaped and adapted by people that use them, based on personal needs and histories. Editors can make use of new audience data without bowing to the algorithms. People can log aspects of their lives - perhaps miles run, or calories consumed - without signing up to Bell's eccentric ideas. Many of us like the connectivity that Facebook brings, but that does not mean we swallow Zuckerberg's self-serving philosophy. Technology shapes us, for sure, but we shape it, too. That process is extremely complex, and it cannot be critiqued by focusing solely on the hype.

This article appeared in print under the headline "Crashing the techno-hype party"

Book information
To Save Everything, Click Here by Evgeny Morozov
Allen Lane/PublicAffairs
£20/$28.99

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India pledges more comfort on creaking rail network

NEW DELHI: India on Tuesday pledged better catering, comfort and cleanliness as part a $11.7-billion budget for Asia's oldest rail network along with steps to help stop trains from mowing down people and elephants.

Railway Minister Pawan Kumar Bansal hiked freight rates by five per cent in his budget for the sprawling state-run network, India's main form of long-distance transport despite competition from airlines and roads.

For the first time, the cost of shipping goods will be linked to fuel prices, Bansal added, in a move highlighting the Congress-led government's resolve to rein-in deficit-ballooning subsidies for publicly owned companies.

He held fares steady after hiking them last month for the millions of train passengers who travel daily but said they would have to rise in future and insisted the troubled service must be made "financially sustainable".

The annual budget for one of the world's largest rail networks is presented separately due to huge freight and passenger volumes.

It will be followed on Friday by the national budget that economists expect to feature the most belt-tightening in years in a bid to close a widening deficit gap and boost investor confidence.

Bansal, presenting his maiden rail budget for the financial year to March 2014, promised to improve catering, comfort, cleanliness and safety aboard trains as well as to build more lines and introduce new trains.

"A plan investment of 633.63 billion rupees is proposed for 2013-14," Bansal told parliament.

The Victorian-era railways -- built by India's former British colonial rulers -- bills itself as the "lifeline to the nation" because of its vast reach but it has become decrepit and accident-prone through lack of investment.

Bansal promised to significantly reduce the number of unmanned crossings which claim the lives of around 15,000 people annually, according to recent figures -- a number the government describes as a "massacre".

"We will strive to work towards a zero accident situation," he said.

For India's estimated 26,000 wild elephants, he also pledged "special measures" to "safeguard the lives of these gentle giants" which are sometimes hit at railway crossings in forested areas.

In December, a passenger train killed five elephants crossing tracks in eastern India.

The government has said it is considering imposing speed restrictions on trains at major elephant-crossing points to reduce the number of fatalities.

- AFP/xq

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Mozilla CEO: Android, iOS leave lots of room for Firefox OS

Mozilla CEO Gary Kovacs speaking about Firefox OS at Mobile World Congress 2013

(Credit:
Stephen Shankland/CNET)

BARCELONA, Spain--With another 2 billion people hooking up to the Internet in the next five years, there's plenty of room for another mobile operating system, Mozilla Chief Executive Gary Kovacs said today in a sales pitch for his new Firefox OSFirefox OS.

Apple and Google have led the way in the smartphone market but can't cover the whole thing, he said in a speech to thousands at the Mobile World Congress show here, though he didn't mention the companies by name.

"I find it impossible to understand how 3, 4, 5, or 6 billion people are going to get their diverse needs satisfied by one or two or five companies, no matter how delicious those companies are," Kovacs said. "Is the farmer in the Indian countryside going to have the same needs and requirements as a lawyer sitting in New York?"

Mozilla has a mammoth challenge, though. Working in its favor is the fact that
Firefox is a browser-based operating system, meaning that Web applications such as Facebook already work for it without the need for Mozilla to marshal an army of programmers to write apps.

But even that running start has its limits: even many static Web pages don't work well on
mobile browsers, and making dynamic Web apps is a lot harder. New technologies such as camera-phone interfaces and hardware-accelerated 3D graphics help, and Mozilla is pushing hard to advance those standards and spread them to other mobile browsers.

Mozilla rounded up a solid list of Firefox OS partners, including 18 carriers across the world and handset makers LG Electronics, Huawei, ZTE, Alcatel, Geeksphone, and possibly Sony. The allies plan to bring Firefox OS to developing markets starting in the second quarter and to the United States in 2014.

The app development and distribution ecosystem of iOS and
Android is strong, but Kovacs had a slogan to counter that strength: "There's a Web for that." Many mobile apps simply repackage data already available on the Web, he said, pointing to an example of searching for a nearby restaurant, checking reviews, looking at menus, and making reservations.

'This is the Web. We're just taking it to mobile," Kovacs said. "Incumbent with that is 10 million developers already ready to go."

Mozilla has experience taking on big established players, too. Internet Explorer ruled the Web when Firefox grew from the ashes of the vanquished Netscape browser project about a decade ago.

"We did this ten years ago," Kovacs said, and Mozilla succeeded in its mission of keeping the Web open. "Today, the browser market is the most competitive it's ever been in the history of the Internet.

Now history is repeating itself on the mobile Web, where Firefox today is only rarely used but Google and Apple's browsers dominate. Both those companies' browsers are based on the WebKit browser engine, and Opera just signed up to use it, too.

"We have to make sure this shared opportunity is not something that one or two companies unnaturally control," Kovacs said.

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Sharks Warn Off Predators By Wielding Light Sabers

Diminutive deep-sea sharks illuminate spines on their backs like light sabers to warn potential predators that they could get a sharp mouthful, a new study suggests.

Paradoxically, the sharks seem to produce light both to hide and to be conspicuous—a first in the world of glowing sharks. (See photos of other sea creatures that glow.)

"Three years ago we showed that velvet belly lanternsharks [(Etmopterus spinax)] are using counter-illumination," said lead study author Julien Claes, a biologist from Belgium's Catholic University of Louvain, by email.

In counter-illumination, the lanternsharks, like many deep-sea animals, light up their undersides in order to disguise their silhouette when seen from below. Brighter bellies blend in with the light filtering down from the surface. (Related: "Glowing Pygmy Shark Lights Up to Fade Away.")

Fishing the 2-foot-long (60-centimeter-long) lanternsharks up from Norwegian fjords and placing them in darkened aquarium tanks, the researchers noticed that not only do the sharks' bellies glow, but they also had glowing regions on their backs.

The sharks have two rows of light-emitting cells, called photophores, on either side of a fearsome spine on the front edges of their two dorsal fins.

Study co-author Jérôme Mallefet explained how handling the sharks and encountering their aggressive behavior hinted at the role these radiant spines play.

"Sometimes they flip around and try to hit you with their spines," said Mallefet, also from Belgium's Catholic University of Louvain. "So we thought maybe they are showing their weapon in the dark depths."

To investigate this idea, the authors analyzed the structure of the lanternshark spines and found that they were more translucent than other shark spines.

This allowed the spines to transmit around 10 percent of the light from the glowing photophores, the study said.

For Predators' Eyes Only

Based on the eyesight of various deep-sea animals, the researchers estimated that the sharks' glowing spines were visible from several meters away to predators that include harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), and blackmouth catsharks (Galeus melastomus).

"The spine-associated bioluminescence has all the characteristics to play the right role as a warning sign," said Mallefet.

"It's a magnificent way to say 'hello, here I am, but beware I have spines,'" he added.

But these luminous warning signals wouldn't impede the sharks' pursuit of their favorite prey, Mueller's bristle-mouth fish (Maurolicus muelleri), the study suggested. These fish have poorer vision than the sharks' predators and may only spot the sharks' dorsal illuminations at much closer range.

For now, it remains a mystery how the sharks create and control the lights on their backs. The glowing dorsal fins could respond to the same hormones that control the belly lights, suggested Mallefet, but other factors may also be involved.

"MacGyver" of Bioluminescence

Several other species use bioluminescence as a warning signal, including marine snails (Hinea brasiliana), glowworms (Lampyris noctiluca) and millipedes (Motyxia spp.).

Edith Widder, a marinebiologist from the Ocean Research and Conservation Association who was not involved in the current study, previously discovered a jellyfish whose bioluminescence rubs off on attackers that get too close.

"It's like paint packages in money bags at banks," she explained.

"Any animal that was foolish enough to go after it," she added "gets smeared all over with glowing particles that make it easy prey for its predators."

Widder also points out that glowing deep-sea animals often put their abilities to diverse uses. (Watch: "Why Deep-Sea Creatures Glow.")

"There are many examples of animals using bioluminescence for a whole range of different functions," she said.

Mallefet agrees, joking that these sharks are the "MacGyver of bioluminescence."

"Just give light to this shark species and it will use it in any possible way."

And while Widder doesn't discount the warning signal theory, "another possibility would be that it could be to attract a mate."

Lead author Julien Claes added by email, "I also discovered during my PhD thesis that velvet belly lanternsharks have glowing organs on their sexual parts."

And that, he admits, "makes it very easy, even for a human, to distinguish male and female of this species in the dark!"

The glowing shark study appeared online in the February 21 edition of Scientific Reports.

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